We give little thought to the oceans of the world and the importance they have in sustaining all life on the planet.  We treat the oceans as a bounty for providing fish into the human diet, and as a transport medium for the world’s trade.  Those who visit the coastlines or islands of the world treat the ocean as a recreational opportunity.  Heavy industries utilize the oceans as a source of oil and minerals through deep sea drilling and – soon – mining.  The vastness of the oceans makes it seem, to most of us, that their bounty is endless and that anything we do to the oceans will not harm them.  The facts, however, show us that human actions, affecting the air, land and water systems on land have enormous adverse effects on the oceans.  And as a result, the oceans are dying.

By now, almost everyone has heard about the plastic garbage patches floating around in the oceans.  Waste plastic finds its way into the ocean and accumulates there.  We do not realize that this visible symbol of our failure to protect the oceans is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg.

We hear more and more of various species who are caught in the plastic, or consume the plastic only to find that it will kill them as they cannot excrete it or convert it into anything nutritious and they then starve to death.  Turtles have been found killed by plastic in large numbers as also other larger sea creatures. Seabirds have been observed to feed plastic to their young, after spending days or weeks at sea collecting what they thought was fish for them.

Coral reefs are dying.  We hear about this frequently.  But we do not associate this with the larger harm of the inter-dependent life of all beings on the planet.  Coral reefs are the breeding and nurturing ground for numerous living organisms and beings, from microscopic size, all along the food chain to innumerable fish species, including sharks.  Climate change effects are devastating the coral reefs of the world, and as these die, the support they provide for the entire food chain and health of the oceans disappears along with it.

Fish populations are collapsing.  Salmon, for example, have declined some 80% from their peak runs.  Many causes, in addition to rampant over-fishing, are destroying the fish in the sea.  Climate change effects are harming the phytoplankton and zooplankton and other microscopic organisms which nourish fish (and mammals such as whales) who rely on this food, and the smaller fish species that feed on them.  Warming and acidifying and de-oxygenating oceans reduce the ability of these foundational levels of the food chain to survive.  As a result, the rest of the food chain, including all the fish that humans rely on for nourishment, is being wrecked.  As fish and other ocean foods become more scarce, commercial fishermen – generally heavily subsidized, so taxpayers are funding this destruction – undertake more and more extreme methods to try to provide the fish and sustain their livelihood, which leads to bottom trawling and huge nets which capture not only the sought-after fish, but turtles, dolphins, sharks, albatross and other species.   Humanity relies heavily on food from the sea.  With an expanding population needing ever more food, the collapse of the ocean fisheries is certain to bring about enormous suffering.  Protection of fish breeding areas, and control of fishing grounds practices are like putting a band-aid on a massive wound.  It may slow the bleeding, but does not ensure the ability of the wounded person to survive.  Similarly, measures undertaken to monitor and control fishing rights are failing to solve the problem.

We are poisoning the oceans.  Agricultural runoff, industrial waste, mining waste and raw sewage (among many examples) enter our rivers and streams and eventually wind up in the ocean.  What happens on land affects the health of the oceans.  Air pollution also winds up in the oceans: it is brought down as rain and as airborne particles, such as carbon soot, as well as corrosive or poisonous chemicals and elements such as sulfur dioxide, mercury, cadmium, lead, etc., in the oceans.  We may think the boundless sea can easily capture and assimilate all of this chemical pollution, because each output is generally small.  What we do not recognize is that there are tens of millions of these outputs constantly putting chemicals that do not belong there into the seas.  Radioactivity and the dumping of nuclear waste is becoming increasingly prevalent as disasters such as Fukushima continue, even today, to put toxic radioactive water into the sea.  All of this is creating a toxic environment, particularly in some extremely sensitive zones such as the reefs and continental shelf areas of the world where numerous species are nurtured.

The sea is not solely a repository of bounty, however.  It is also the driver of climate events.  We have all heard of El Niño and La Niña events, where an extremely warm ocean pattern, or an extremely cold ocean pattern, respectively, affects the weather all over the world, including the monsoon, when they are operative.  Extreme climate events are directly connected to the temperature of the ocean.  Between the constant global warming that has been occurring since the start of the industrial age, and the consequent changes to the oceans caused by massive ice melt which releases cold, fresh water into the sea, we find the overall salinity of the oceans declining, changing the environment for the species that have adapted to the sea at a certain salinity level; at the same time, the temperature of the ocean is increasing through the action of higher concentrations of greenhouse gases that produce higher temperatures in some areas, particularly in the polar regions.

Why is this important?  The oceans provide the circulatory system to move warm water and cool water around the planet systematically.  The Gulf Stream, for instance, moves surface warm water from the tropics along the eastern coast of the USA, and then across to Northern Europe.  Deep cold waters from the northern climes move down to the tropics, thereby working to balance the temperatures.  This immense conveyor belt creates a temperate climate for the eastern USA and norther Europe!  Vast changes to the balance of the ocean temperatures can eventually break these world-spanning currents and lead to enormous changes in weather, and livability, in areas that support large populations due to the formerly temperate weather conditions.

The oceans affect the air we breathe.  We take oxygen for granted.  We breathe in and live.  But oxygen comes from plants which consume the carbon dioxide we exhale and release oxygen.  We think of the trees and plants on land as the sources of oxygen, but fail to recognize the enormous, over-arching significance of the oxygen-generating activity of the phytoplankton of the sea. Without these, there is simply not enough oxygen generation to support life on the planet.  And we are in the process of killing off the phytoplankton. At least half of the oxygen we breathe comes from the sea’s plants. This means every other breath we take is a gift from the sea.  We are destroying the givers of life in the sea.

The earth is experiencing a mass extinction event today.  We don’t think about it much, because we don’t hear much about it; nor do we connect this mass extinction event with our lives or the lives of our children and grandchildren.  Yet it is all connected.  The entire earth is inter-connected.  The pollution, the climate-changing events, the over-fishing, the careless and wanton destruction of segments of the food chain in the oceans, the adverse effects of human activities on the balance of the environment of the world are all harming the oceans and jeopardizing the future survival of all living beings on the planet.

We do not always recognize that over 8 billion people are on the planet, a very few of whom have control of over half of the world’s resources converted into monetary wealth, while the vast majority live in utter want and destitution.  This causes domestic violence and other forms of aggression, including wars, as well as migration spurts, ravaging of increasingly scarce natural resources for survival, and proliferating distribution of disease vectors.  These responses in turn undermine the health of the planet, and the oceans, making up 70% of the planet’s surface, share these effects.  All people want to have a life of relative comfort and sustainability.  If we do not take the issues raised here seriously, we will face some terrible choices and consequences as people become more desperate, the climate becomes more extreme, and the oceans, once bountiful providers we have relied on for ages, are no longer able to give what they no longer have.  Should these more dire consequences come to bear, more extreme weather events will occur, more people will be adversely affected, and more desperation will surface, culminating in ever greater dislocations, on land, in the air and in the oceans.

When we understand the essential inter-dependence of all life on the planet, and the critical importance of the oceans to sustaining this life, we have made the first step towards solving the problem.  People of good will, including many scientists (especially oceanographers), as well as negotiators hosted by the United Nations, have raised these issues and developed a comprehensive treaty for the Law of the Sea, which is so far adopted by 168 countries.  We therefore have a sophisticated, internationally legally binding framework for action that reflects a fundamental understanding of what needs to – and must – be done.  If ignorance or lack of a legal system were ever an excuse for inaction, it is no longer.

It is now essential that this work be continued, enhanced and fully brought to bear on the decisions and actions of governments all over the world, who have in most cases failed to transform the principles and requirements of the Law of the Sea Convention into concrete, integrated and scientifically sound actions.  What has occurred is an attempt to identify biodiversity “hotspots” and find a way to protect them.  But this approach is doomed to failure.  There are no “walls” in the ocean to protect a sensitive area from everything that can affect it.  The climate, the air, the actions we undertake on land, the runoffs into the ocean, the destruction of the links in the chain of survival for all the creatures that reside in and depend on the ocean, are all inter-connected and not bound by borders and walls.

The solution must come from an approach that recognizes first and foremost the existential crisis with which we are faced, and the need to act in a comprehensive, global manner to tackle the root issues at their sources.

In the next articles in this series we shall explore the directions that appear most fruitful for solving this existential crisis and returning balance to the eco-system of the world, upon which we and all the living beings that share it with us, depend for our survival.

As we have seen in the first two parts of this series, an existential crisis is facing, not only humanity, but the entire world.  We have explored a number of aspects of this crisis and begun to understand the various types of solutions that will be required to solve this crisis in a timely manner.  Part 3 explores the necessity and the ability of humanity to join together to solve this crisis as one.  There are no border walls that can insulate one country from another.  There are no solutions, implemented solely by one country or another, that will realistically deal with the magnitude and complexity of the issues confronting the oceans, and by extension, the entire planet.  As has been popularized in the growing concern about climate change, a deeply intertwined issue with the plight of the oceans, “there is no Planet B”.

There is a hopeful sign.  In 1982, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Law of the Sea, which came into force in November 1994.  The Law of the Sea Convention (we shall refer to it as LOSC henceforth) represents the recognition by and collaboration of the nations of the world to frame a comprehensive outline and working set of legally binding requirements to achieve – among other goals – the protection of the world’s oceans.   The LOSC specified “that the problems of ocean space are interrelated and need to be considered as a whole” in its preamble. The first Article comprehensively defines pollution of the marine environment, encompassing all activities, not only those that demonstrably result in “deleterious effects”,  but also those that are likely to so result, thereby introducing a powerful and mandatory precautionary criterion as well.  This treaty recognizes the impossibility of erecting boundaries to protect the ocean, and thus, a wholistic view and basis for sustainable solutions must be developed.  In article 192 of the LOSC, it requires all States to “protect and preserve the marine environment,” without exceptions or qualifications. It is the single most powerful environmental treaty so far concluded.

The expansive framework recognizes that the LOSC must encompass the entire marine environment, which is not just the oceans themselves, but the rivers and tributary streams that feed into the oceans, all land and air-based sources of pollution, as well as all the elements of the marine environment, which includes coastal regions, reefs, life forms in the myriad food webs and chains in the ocean, the seabed, and seawater, and all the eco-systems, including those on land, that are connected to or dependent upon or whose destruction could adversely ffect the health of the seas.  This also encompasses all human activity in and on and affecting the seas themselves, which would include fishing, transport, and recreational activities, all of which must be brought into the comprehensive solutions to the deterioration of the oceans and their resources.

Various articles in the LOSC also make it clear that the effort must go beyond the water systems of the world to include other sources that affect the oceans, particularly the atmosphere and the land.  Once again, here are no solid borders that prevent air pollution, including greenhouse gas emissions from adversely affecting the sea; on the contrary, it is clear that greenhouse gases are seriously harming the marine environment.  Similarly, pollution originating from land-based activities finds its way into the oceans with similarly negative consequences.  This includes land-based mining, industry, agricultural runoff and other unsustainable agricultural practices, plastic and other forms of pollution, and heavy metal runoff.  More recently, with note of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, we also have to recognize that radioactive waste from the land is harming the oceans.

The LOSC therefore provides a framework and requirement for all nations to address climate change and land-, air- and sea- based activities that result or are likely to result in harm to the marine environment.  The LOSC even goes further in Articles 145 and 234 to mandate protection of the “ecological balance of the marine environment,” demonstrating a holistic approach to the oceans so far sadly lacking in the actions the world’s States have taken. Article 234 specifically and presciently addresses the ice-covered areas of our planet.  With the extreme rise in global temperatures we have seen, with especially severe effects in the polar regions, enormous ice-melt from the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland is sending enormous amounts of freshwater into the oceans, changing the temperature and salinity of the oceans, and raising sea levels, all of which are likely to or already do “cause major harm to or irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance.”

Part XII of the LOSC requires all States to prevent, reduce and control – in that order – pollution of the marine environment, not just within the seas, but also from the land and the air. This pollution includes greenhouse gas emissions.  Article 194(2)states:  “States shall take all measures necessary to ensure that activities under their jurisdiction or control are so conducted as not to cause damage by pollution to other States and their environment, and that pollution arising from incidents or activities under their jurisdiction or control does not spread beyond the areas where they exercise sovereign rights in accordance with this Convention.”

We see here, then, that the nations of the world have recognized the essential unity of the entire eco-sphere of the planet, the inter-connected nature of the oceans with the air and the land, and the requirement, adopted by the nations of the world acting together, to control the adverse effects on the ocean from whatever sources they arise, in the ocean, on land or in the air.  This provides a mandatory framework for implementation of detailed actions by all nations.

There is sometimes a concern that unless “all” nations act at once and together, that therefore some nations have an excuse not to move forward.  Such an approach can only lead to disaster.  We see in human history that some people or nations act as leaders, to get out in front of the need and show the way.  It is clear that the vast majority of the negative effects on the oceans has come about, and still comes about, through the actions of the more developed countries.  Less developed countries, struggling with the need to develop their infrastructure to provide a decent standard of living for their people, have had to deal with the burdens of exploitation and colonization for centuries, now further exacerbated by the impacts of climate change.  It is therefore up to the technologically more developed nations to take the lead in enforcing upon themselves the LOSC which they helped formulate, and have adopted as a binding commitment for the future survival of humanity and the life-sustaining balance of the planet we depend on for our survival.

In the next part we shall begin to address specific issues and suggest a relative order of priority.  Many things need to be done, and many of them need to be tackled simultaneously.  It is not sufficient to choose and address selected individual items on a list and thereby declare the mission completed.  A comprehensive and well-organized program to tackle numerous issues, through State action, as well as through NGO, student, community and corporate initiatives, will be required to slow and perhaps even reverse the damage done thus far and return to a state of ecological balance in the face of the mass extinction event we are already experiencing in the world.